{
 "title": "Who AI engines cite when buyers ask if a crypto exchange is safe",
 "author": "Ben Tabas",
 "collected": "2026-08-11 to 2026-08-21",
 "cohort": [
  "Binance",
  "Bitget",
  "Bitso",
  "Bitstamp",
  "Bitvavo",
  "Bybit",
  "Coinbase",
  "Crypto.com",
  "Kraken",
  "KuCoin",
  "Luno",
  "OKX",
  "Upbit"
 ],
 "prompts": [
  "is {X} safe",
  "is {X} legit",
  "is {X} a scam",
  "is {X} trustworthy"
 ],
 "runs_per_prompt": 5,
 "brand_own_definition": "the exchange's own registrable domain or a subdomain of it, matched against an explicit domain list",
 "reporting_floor": "per-exchange shares reported only above 30 cited sources; every exchange cleared it in every arm",
 "denominator": "every cited source in calls that returned an answer (for Google, searches that showed an AI Overview)",
 "arms": [
  {
   "engine": "chatgpt",
   "date": "2026-08-14",
   "model": "gpt-5.6-terra",
   "role": "first run",
   "calls": 260,
   "calls_with_answer": 260,
   "cited_sources": 661,
   "brand_own": 348,
   "brand_own_pct": 52.6,
   "per_exchange": {
    "Binance": {
     "own": 21,
     "total": 54,
     "pct": 38.9
    },
    "Bitget": {
     "own": 20,
     "total": 56,
     "pct": 35.7
    },
    "Bitso": {
     "own": 40,
     "total": 53,
     "pct": 75.5
    },
    "Bitstamp": {
     "own": 14,
     "total": 46,
     "pct": 30.4
    },
    "Bitvavo": {
     "own": 33,
     "total": 51,
     "pct": 64.7
    },
    "Bybit": {
     "own": 20,
     "total": 43,
     "pct": 46.5
    },
    "Coinbase": {
     "own": 29,
     "total": 46,
     "pct": 63.0
    },
    "Crypto.com": {
     "own": 33,
     "total": 55,
     "pct": 60.0
    },
    "Kraken": {
     "own": 33,
     "total": 53,
     "pct": 62.3
    },
    "KuCoin": {
     "own": 19,
     "total": 51,
     "pct": 37.3
    },
    "Luno": {
     "own": 38,
     "total": 48,
     "pct": 79.2
    },
    "OKX": {
     "own": 25,
     "total": 46,
     "pct": 54.3
    },
    "Upbit": {
     "own": 23,
     "total": 59,
     "pct": 39.0
    }
   },
   "top_third_party": [
    {
     "domain": "justice.gov",
     "count": 57,
     "pct_of_all_sources": 8.6
    },
    {
     "domain": "sec.gov",
     "count": 41,
     "pct_of_all_sources": 6.2
    },
    {
     "domain": "trustpilot.com",
     "count": 29,
     "pct_of_all_sources": 4.4
    },
    {
     "domain": "dfs.ny.gov",
     "count": 14,
     "pct_of_all_sources": 2.1
    },
    {
     "domain": "bbb.org",
     "count": 12,
     "pct_of_all_sources": 1.8
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "engine": "chatgpt",
   "date": "2026-08-21",
   "model": "gpt-5.6-terra",
   "role": "replication, same model and prompts",
   "calls": 260,
   "calls_with_answer": 260,
   "cited_sources": 689,
   "brand_own": 359,
   "brand_own_pct": 52.1,
   "per_exchange": {
    "Binance": {
     "own": 26,
     "total": 59,
     "pct": 44.1
    },
    "Bitget": {
     "own": 19,
     "total": 52,
     "pct": 36.5
    },
    "Bitso": {
     "own": 46,
     "total": 60,
     "pct": 76.7
    },
    "Bitstamp": {
     "own": 20,
     "total": 55,
     "pct": 36.4
    },
    "Bitvavo": {
     "own": 31,
     "total": 50,
     "pct": 62.0
    },
    "Bybit": {
     "own": 19,
     "total": 44,
     "pct": 43.2
    },
    "Coinbase": {
     "own": 32,
     "total": 51,
     "pct": 62.7
    },
    "Crypto.com": {
     "own": 29,
     "total": 54,
     "pct": 53.7
    },
    "Kraken": {
     "own": 32,
     "total": 54,
     "pct": 59.3
    },
    "KuCoin": {
     "own": 20,
     "total": 49,
     "pct": 40.8
    },
    "Luno": {
     "own": 33,
     "total": 49,
     "pct": 67.3
    },
    "OKX": {
     "own": 25,
     "total": 47,
     "pct": 53.2
    },
    "Upbit": {
     "own": 27,
     "total": 65,
     "pct": 41.5
    }
   },
   "top_third_party": [
    {
     "domain": "justice.gov",
     "count": 54,
     "pct_of_all_sources": 7.8
    },
    {
     "domain": "sec.gov",
     "count": 54,
     "pct_of_all_sources": 7.8
    },
    {
     "domain": "trustpilot.com",
     "count": 24,
     "pct_of_all_sources": 3.5
    },
    {
     "domain": "bbb.org",
     "count": 17,
     "pct_of_all_sources": 2.5
    },
    {
     "domain": "cftc.gov",
     "count": 13,
     "pct_of_all_sources": 1.9
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "engine": "gemini",
   "date": "2026-08-14",
   "model": "gemini-3.5-flash",
   "role": null,
   "calls": 260,
   "calls_with_answer": 260,
   "cited_sources": 2430,
   "brand_own": 199,
   "brand_own_pct": 8.2,
   "per_exchange": {
    "Binance": {
     "own": 24,
     "total": 164,
     "pct": 14.6
    },
    "Bitget": {
     "own": 13,
     "total": 211,
     "pct": 6.2
    },
    "Bitso": {
     "own": 20,
     "total": 170,
     "pct": 11.8
    },
    "Bitstamp": {
     "own": 16,
     "total": 178,
     "pct": 9.0
    },
    "Bitvavo": {
     "own": 20,
     "total": 147,
     "pct": 13.6
    },
    "Bybit": {
     "own": 8,
     "total": 214,
     "pct": 3.7
    },
    "Coinbase": {
     "own": 16,
     "total": 180,
     "pct": 8.9
    },
    "Crypto.com": {
     "own": 13,
     "total": 185,
     "pct": 7.0
    },
    "Kraken": {
     "own": 15,
     "total": 192,
     "pct": 7.8
    },
    "KuCoin": {
     "own": 13,
     "total": 172,
     "pct": 7.6
    },
    "Luno": {
     "own": 18,
     "total": 230,
     "pct": 7.8
    },
    "OKX": {
     "own": 16,
     "total": 186,
     "pct": 8.6
    },
    "Upbit": {
     "own": 7,
     "total": 201,
     "pct": 3.5
    }
   },
   "top_third_party": [
    {
     "domain": "reddit.com",
     "count": 186,
     "pct_of_all_sources": 7.7
    },
    {
     "domain": "coinbureau.com",
     "count": 174,
     "pct_of_all_sources": 7.2
    },
    {
     "domain": "trustpilot.com",
     "count": 172,
     "pct_of_all_sources": 7.1
    },
    {
     "domain": "coinledger.io",
     "count": 109,
     "pct_of_all_sources": 4.5
    },
    {
     "domain": "youtube.com",
     "count": 89,
     "pct_of_all_sources": 3.7
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "engine": "perplexity",
   "date": "2026-08-11",
   "model": "sonar-pro",
   "role": null,
   "calls": 260,
   "calls_with_answer": 260,
   "cited_sources": 4076,
   "brand_own": 335,
   "brand_own_pct": 8.2,
   "per_exchange": {
    "Binance": {
     "own": 30,
     "total": 286,
     "pct": 10.5
    },
    "Bitget": {
     "own": 17,
     "total": 312,
     "pct": 5.4
    },
    "Bitso": {
     "own": 39,
     "total": 322,
     "pct": 12.1
    },
    "Bitstamp": {
     "own": 24,
     "total": 280,
     "pct": 8.6
    },
    "Bitvavo": {
     "own": 34,
     "total": 277,
     "pct": 12.3
    },
    "Bybit": {
     "own": 10,
     "total": 306,
     "pct": 3.3
    },
    "Coinbase": {
     "own": 30,
     "total": 313,
     "pct": 9.6
    },
    "Crypto.com": {
     "own": 26,
     "total": 322,
     "pct": 8.1
    },
    "Kraken": {
     "own": 35,
     "total": 312,
     "pct": 11.2
    },
    "KuCoin": {
     "own": 20,
     "total": 307,
     "pct": 6.5
    },
    "Luno": {
     "own": 30,
     "total": 361,
     "pct": 8.3
    },
    "OKX": {
     "own": 20,
     "total": 313,
     "pct": 6.4
    },
    "Upbit": {
     "own": 20,
     "total": 365,
     "pct": 5.5
    }
   },
   "top_third_party": [
    {
     "domain": "reddit.com",
     "count": 258,
     "pct_of_all_sources": 6.3
    },
    {
     "domain": "trustpilot.com",
     "count": 253,
     "pct_of_all_sources": 6.2
    },
    {
     "domain": "coinbureau.com",
     "count": 153,
     "pct_of_all_sources": 3.8
    },
    {
     "domain": "bitdegree.org",
     "count": 110,
     "pct_of_all_sources": 2.7
    },
    {
     "domain": "coinledger.io",
     "count": 108,
     "pct_of_all_sources": 2.6
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "engine": "google_ai_overviews",
   "date": "2026-08-11",
   "model": null,
   "role": null,
   "calls": 260,
   "calls_with_answer": 254,
   "cited_sources": 1779,
   "brand_own": 181,
   "brand_own_pct": 10.2,
   "per_exchange": {
    "Binance": {
     "own": 19,
     "total": 128,
     "pct": 14.8
    },
    "Bitget": {
     "own": 12,
     "total": 154,
     "pct": 7.8
    },
    "Bitso": {
     "own": 24,
     "total": 110,
     "pct": 21.8
    },
    "Bitstamp": {
     "own": 20,
     "total": 149,
     "pct": 13.4
    },
    "Bitvavo": {
     "own": 30,
     "total": 104,
     "pct": 28.8
    },
    "Bybit": {
     "own": 8,
     "total": 145,
     "pct": 5.5
    },
    "Coinbase": {
     "own": 10,
     "total": 130,
     "pct": 7.7
    },
    "Crypto.com": {
     "own": 5,
     "total": 145,
     "pct": 3.4
    },
    "Kraken": {
     "own": 6,
     "total": 148,
     "pct": 4.1
    },
    "KuCoin": {
     "own": 5,
     "total": 152,
     "pct": 3.3
    },
    "Luno": {
     "own": 18,
     "total": 156,
     "pct": 11.5
    },
    "OKX": {
     "own": 14,
     "total": 128,
     "pct": 10.9
    },
    "Upbit": {
     "own": 10,
     "total": 130,
     "pct": 7.7
    }
   },
   "top_third_party": [
    {
     "domain": "reddit.com",
     "count": 197,
     "pct_of_all_sources": 11.1
    },
    {
     "domain": "youtube.com",
     "count": 145,
     "pct_of_all_sources": 8.2
    },
    {
     "domain": "trustpilot.com",
     "count": 141,
     "pct_of_all_sources": 7.9
    },
    {
     "domain": "coinbureau.com",
     "count": 106,
     "pct_of_all_sources": 6.0
    },
    {
     "domain": "coinledger.io",
     "count": 95,
     "pct_of_all_sources": 5.3
    }
   ]
  }
 ]
}